FDA fully approves Pfizer-BioNTech's vaccine, a first for a Covid-19 shot

Biden tried to cast the FDA approval as an example of how his administration was making headway against the pandemic, despite overflowing intensive care units in some states and an average of more than 1,000 lives a day lost. He said the death toll, while rising, was still far lower than it was last winter, because more than 9 in 10 older Americans are now vaccinated.

With the FDA yet to authorize a vaccine even on an emergency basis for children younger than 12, Biden also tried to reassure anxious parents about the growing number of children who are getting infected with the delta variant, saying that severe COVID-19 cases in that age group are still “very, very rare.” He also promised to soon address “how we get our kids back to school safely.”

The FDA, which has been under pressure to speed up its evaluations of coronavirus vaccines, gave full approval to Pfizer’s just 97 days after the company submitted the last of what regulators said were hundreds of thousands of documents. Officials said they were able to decide the matter in less than half the usual time because regulators worked nights and weekends and added staff members, not because they cut corners.

“This is a pivotal moment for our country in the fight against the pandemic,” Dr. Janet Woodcock, the acting FDA commissioner, told reporters. “The public can be confident that this vaccine meets the FDA’s gold standard for safety, effectiveness, and manufacturing quality that we require for an approved product.”

Some health experts are worried that the approval will unleash a wave of demands from vaccine recipients who want their doctors to prescribe booster doses. The federal government plans to begin rolling out third shots to people who had their second shot eight months earlier, but only after the FDA clears extra doses and not until Sept. 20.

“I think we just have to keep people calm,” said Dr. Jesse L. Goodman, a former chief scientist at the FDA and now a medical professor at Georgetown University. He noted that more than 1 million Americans had already managed to get extra shots on their own and that demand could be difficult to control.

Ordinarily, final approval could give doctors a certain measure of freedom to prescribe a drug differently than the label advises. Pfizer is also ostensibly now free to market the vaccine, under the brand name Comirnaty.

In this case, though, as both Pfizer and the FDA noted, the federal government controls the distribution of the vaccine in the United States. Woodcock strongly discouraged people from seeking a third shot until the FDA has ruled on whether extra shots are safe and effective for the general adult population.

She specifically warned against giving the vaccine to children under 12, saying that doing so would be “of great concern” because regulators have not collected enough data yet from clinical trials on safety or the proper dose. Trials are still in progress for that age group, and a regulatory decision about emergency use could be several months away.

“We certainly want to make sure that we get it right in the children ages 5 through 11,” said Dr. Peter Marks, the FDA’s top vaccine regulator, “and then even in younger children after that.”

The vaccine is still authorized for emergency use, instead of fully approved, for children 12 to 15.

Pfizer said it presented the FDA with data from 44,000 clinical trial participants — half of whom got the vaccine, the other half a placebo — in the United States, the European Union, Turkey, South Africa and South America. The FDA said the data showed the vaccine was 91% effective in preventing disease. That was a slight drop from the 95% efficacy rate in December, when the vaccine was cleared for emergency use. Pfizer said the decrease reflected the fact that researchers had more time to catch people who became sick.

Some public health experts were hopeful that the decision could push some of those hesitant about getting vaccinated off the fence.

Even if only 5% more Americans were persuaded to get shots, as some experts have predicted, “that’s still a huge slice of people,” said Dr. Thomas Dobbs, the chief health officer for Mississippi. Like a number of other Southern states, his has been ravaged by the delta variant. He said licensure would help “shake loose this false assertion that the vaccines are an ‘experimental’ thing.”

A recent poll by the Kaiser Family Foundation, which has been tracking public attitudes during the pandemic, found that 3 of every 10 unvaccinated people said they would be more likely to get vaccinated with a shot that had been fully approved. But the pollsters and other experts warned that far fewer Americans might actually be swayed by the approval.

Already on Monday, the Pentagon announced that the country’s 1.4 million active-duty troops would have to be vaccinated, and Gov. Philip Murphy of New Jersey said that all teachers in that state would have to get shots or submit to weekly testing. Chevron and CVS both said they would require some of their employees to receive coronavirus vaccines, and the State University of New York and the University of Minnesota systems announced similar requirements for students.

Wall Street rose, with investors buoyed by the vaccine news. The S&P 500 stock index was up almost 1%, and shares of Pfizer climbed 2.5%.

“The full regulatory approval of the Pfizer vaccine created hopes that it may spur additional gains in vaccination rates in the U.S., which would be an economic positive going forward,” said John Canavan, the lead analyst at Oxford Economics.

So far, 54% of Americans who have been fully inoculated have gotten Pfizer shots. Most of the rest received Moderna’s vaccine, which also requires two doses.

Marks said that federal health agencies would continue to monitor the Pfizer vaccine’s safety. The FDA will also require Pfizer to continue to study the risk of myocarditis, an inflammation of the heart muscle, and pericarditis, an inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart, in people who get its shot, including long-term outcomes for those who fall ill after vaccination. The FDA in June attached warnings to the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines noting possible increased risk of both conditions after the second dose.

Less than two months after it appeared to have curbed the spread of the virus, the United States is averaging around 150,000 new cases a day and more than 90,000 hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Exactly two months ago, before the delta variant fully took hold, federal health experts said the nation would be highly unlikely to again face a death toll of 1,000 or more people a day. The seven-day average as of Sunday was 1,008 daily deaths, according to a New York Times database.

“Full approval could not come at a more important time,” said Dr. Richard Besser, the president of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and a former acting director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. He called on schools and businesses to require vaccination before allowing people to congregate indoors.

Regulators are still reviewing Moderna’s application for full approval of its vaccine, which it filed in June, a month after Pfizer. That decision could take several weeks. Johnson & Johnson is expected to apply for full approval soon.